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Odor coding, identification and evaluation in insect neural networksĮ-mail: progress has been made recently in understanding how neural networks accomplish olfactory coding. Considering the number of orphan chemosensory receptor genes, there exist more previously-unidentified signaling molecules that affect animal behaviors. These studies pave the way to exploring the function of each OR in a physiological context and the molecular basis for complex chemical communication between animals. Recently, we discovered the mouse OR that specifically recognized muscone, a unique macrocyclic odor utilized as a chemosensory cue in dear musk, and also the human muscone receptor. Activity-guided fractionation of exocrine gland extracts and subsequent chemical analysis resulted in identification of unsaturated aliphatic alcohol as a natural ligand for a mouse OR. Until recently, however, little has been known about volatiles emitted from individual animals that act as ligands for ORs in natural environments. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, more and more chemosensory receptors have been deorphanized. In contrast, insect chemosensory receptors are ligand-activated nonselective cation channels. Mice utilize both volatile and non-volatile pheromones that are recognized by olfactory receptors (ORs) and vomeronasal receptors, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In terrestrial animals, a variety of social and sexual behaviors are regulated by chemosignals called pheromones that act via the olfactory or vomeronasal system. Chemosensory signals, receptors, and behaviorġ Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, and JST ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo I will also present some of our recent findings from experiments using wild mice, looking at both inbreeding avoidance and cooperation between females. Here I will critically review evidence from the different mouse models and experiments that have been used to assess the genetic markers in scent and the recognition templates involved in kinship assessment. The genetic control provided by inbred laboratory mice has played a key role in identifying MHC-associated odours as one candidate marker, while our work on wild house mice has identified major urinary proteins (MUPs) as another candidate marker. This is because, necessarily, polymorphic kinship markers must correlate strongly with sharing across the rest of the genome in normal animals. Scent cues have been strongly implicated in the ability to recognize unfamiliar kin across a broad range of species, although identification of the specific genetic markers used to recognize kin has proven particularly difficult. This implies the use of genetic markers to assess kinship, by phenotype matching to a recognition template learned from self and/or from familiar relatives.
While animals may recognize familiar individuals encountered during early development, using prior association during a sensitive period as a proxy for relatedness, many animals are able to recognize relatives regardless of prior familiarity. The ability to recognize kin has important potential fitness benefits in a variety of social contexts including parent-offspring recognition, inbreeding avoidance and cooperative breeding. Assessing kindship through scent – the mouse modelġ Mammalian Behaviour & Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, UK